Albert Bandura’s Works Regarding Psychology

Albert Bandura was born on December 4, 1925, in Mund ar, a wasted town in Alberta, Canada (Boeree 2006). His father, who was a labourer, originally came from Poland while his m some other, who worked in a general store, was from Ukraine.Albert was the youngest among six children. Although the whole family had no access to formal education, they gave enormousness to education. The father assumeed to read three languages Polish, Russian and German and tenanted in educational affairs.At a very young age, Bandura experienced difficulties in his education. He attended the precisely school in his town, which lacked teachers and resources for attainment.The school had only unitary Mathematics textbook, for instance, and it had to be used by the students and teachers as well. besides although this was the case, the school produced graduates who attended colleges and universities with and through pop out the world. Bandura realized that the scarcity of educational resources was an e nabling factor rather than a handicapping one (Boeree 2006).During vacations, his parents would encourage him to look for experiences out of doors their small hamlet. Bandura experienced working as a carpenter in a furniture manufacturing plant. The skills he acquired helped him through college. He overly worked as a part-time carpenter during afternoons during his college days, and even filled holes in the Alaska Highway.Bandura thus attended the University of British Columbia where he took up psychology. He intend to major in one of the biological sciences, but past he worked in the afternoons to be able to support his studying. He found out that taking introductory psychology would fill his schedule in the mornings. He became enthralled and then decided to concentrate on psychology. He ideal his education within three years receiving a Bolo nominate Award in psychology.His accidental choice of psychology influenced his theorizing later on. He discussed in his The psychology of Chance Encounters and Life Paths how someoneal initiative post put hoi polloi into events wherein unexpected events shape the courses that lives take(Pajares, 2004). Bandura as well as focused on making play work through self-development to take advantage of fortuitous opportunities (Pajares, 2004).Social Learning possible actionAlbert Bandura is one of the leading proponents of the Social Learning Theory (Ormrod, 1999). This theory says that stack learn from one another and focuses on the leaning which occurs within a hearty context. It likewise says that concepts such as experimental scholarship, modeling and imitation are erudite from around us (Ormrod, 1999).These are the principles of the Social Learning Theory (Ormrod, 1999).. First is that people can learn through observation of the behavior of other people and its outcomes. Another principle is that, since learning comes from observation alone, it can occur without a turn in the doings. This is what the s ocial learning theorists believed. This is in contrast to what the behaviorists believed. For them, there must be a permanent change in conduct if learning took place.The third principle says that cognition has an Copernican part in learning. Ormrod (1999) explained that awareness and expectations of fundings or punishments may influence the behaviours of people. The fourthly principle says that social learning theory bridges the cognitive learning theories and behaviourist learning theories.Albert Banduras ideas also lead to the observational learning, establish on the principles discussed above. He made experiments and found out that applying consequences was not absolute for learning to happen. A person can learn just by observing someone else.He then devised a four-step pattern for the findings of his experiments. These are the attention, retention, reproduction and motivation (Ormrod, 1999). Attention happens when a person becomes aware of something from around him. It inc ludes sculpted events, such as chance uponive valence, prevalence, complexity and distinctiveness, among others, and observer characteristics, such as past reinforcement and sensory capacities (Bandura, 1977). Retention is when the person retains what he noticed.This includes beat back rehearsal and symbolic coding, among others. Reproduction happens when the produces acts with regards to what he noticed. This includes accuracy of feedback, physical capabilities and self-observation of reproduction. Motivation, on the other hand, takes place when the surroundings carry a consequence that go out change the probability that the behaviour will be produced again (Huitt, 2004). It includes reinforcement (external and vicarious), and punishment (Bandura, 1977).Aside from this, Bandura believes that the learning process takes place with a contribution from the mind, behaviour and environment.One of Banduras famous psychological experiments was the Bobo Doll Experiment which solidified his beliefs regarding learned aggression and behaviour modeling. Bandura made a picture of a distaff student of his beating a Bobo doll. A Bobo doll is an egg-shaped, inflatable balloon creature that bounced back when knocked down. The young woman punched, kicked, yelled and hit the doll. Bandura then showed the film to kindergartners.After watching the film, the children were placed in a room amply of the same toys they saw on the film. There were Bobo dolls and small hammers around. Banduras findings showed that the children were blood-red towards the doll 88% of the time (Albert Bandura, n.d.). In short, the children imitated what the woman in the film did.However, an article by Huitt (2004) showed that the children watched a film wherein another child acted aggressively towards a Bobo doll. It had three different endings. The first ending was that the child was praised for his behaviour.The support was that the child was not allowed to play with the toys and to just sit in a corner. The third ending consisted of the child walking out of the room. After then, the children were placed in the room and were observed. This experiment became the basis for the Social Learning Theory.Bandura also believed that to the highest degree of our behaviour is learned by observation through modeling. He also believed that when we observe other people, it gives us an idea of how new behaviours are carried out, and this can be our guide for action (Bandura, 1977).Personality DevelopmentAlbert Bandura also has contributions in constitution development. He believes that individual(prenominal)ity is an interaction among environment, behaviour and the humans psychological processes (Boeree, 2006).He also believes that in studying a theory of personality, the social contexts where behaviour is acquired and maintained must be considered. This is in support of his social learning theory, which says that our behaviour is developed. Bandura believed that humans regulate an d think of their own behaviour (Albert Bandura, 2000).According to the theory of personality, ones environment causes ones behaviour (Boeree, 2006). some(prenominal) happens around us can affect us and thus affect our behaviour.Bandura believes in his social learning theory that social experience, reciprocal determinism and observational learning have important roles in the development of our personality. He also believes that the self-system of a human is composed of his abilities, attitudes and cognitive skills. In turn, a persons self-system helps him in the way he perceives different situations and acts according to that situation.Bandura also believes that self- ability is important for ones self-system. Self-efficacy, for him, is the belief that in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (1995, p.2). In short, self-efficacy is how one can function well in a disposed(p) situation.In an article about Banduras pe rsonality theory, it showed that changing the expectation of personal efficacy can bring change in behaviour. Changing efficacy expectations can be done in four ways enactive, persuasive, vicarious and physiological information experience. Those who have behavioural problems can cope by making changes in personal efficacy expectations (Albert Bandura, 2000).The concept of self-efficacy became important as it has an impact from psychological states to behaviour and to motivation. People are aware that they can set their goals for whatever they want to achieve, and the things that they want changes. But, we also know that most of the time, doing these things is not so simple. This is where Bandura found out that self-efficacy can help in how people should approach their goals, challenges and tasks.For those who have strong self-efficacy, they think that challenges are tasks to be overcome. They also foster gratify in the things that they want to accomplish. Moreover, as their interes t deepens, their commitment also deepens. And if there were disappointments, they can easily recover.On the other hand, people who have weak self-efficacy are the opposite. They do not like challenges as they believe that they cannot go through difficult situations. They also tend to watch on their failures and the negative outcomes of their actions. Additionally, they lose trust and confidence in their abilities (Bandura, 1994).According to Kear (2000), self-concept, cognitive processes and control are the primary characteristics of self-efficacy. The sense of self is developed through the experiences and interactions with other people. The author added that our self-concept contains beliefs and values and attitudes that we have learned and developed through time. When there is self-regulation, we can have a positive self-concept amidst interactions.Control, on the other hand, focuses on two things self-actualization and locus of control. Self-actualization, Kear (2000) explained, builds when a person has confidence in a successful performance. Locus of control, on the other hand, focuses on causative belief about outcome determination.